- To start, this project does seem extremely overwhelming! But that's life, I suppose! It's all okay because I'm actually really excited to be involved with such an in depth research project. In all my years of school I've never had to engage with a project on this level. I enjoy that our checkpoints are broken down throughout the semester and that we are given explicit instructions on what is due. So good luck to everyone out there! :)
- Choosing a topic was way harder than I figured it would be. It was clear to me that when I saw the unit on Icelandic Sagas I was not considering any other topics. For this medievalist for a semester research project, I will be focusing on Erik the Red's Saga.
Checkpoint Two:
Summary:
Part 1: Oleif the White a fierce warrior, conducted many expeditions around Britain. He was able to conquer the shire of Dublin where he would declare himself King. He took Aud the Deep Minded as his wife, the couple had a son named Thorstein the Red. Oleif the White was killed in battle following his death Aud and her son Thorstein fled to the Hebrides. Thorstein would go on to marry Thurid. Thorstein became King, he ruled up until his betrayal and ultimate death. His daughter Groa was married off by her grandmother Aud the Deep Minded. After marrying Groa off, Aud set out for Iceland with a crew of twenty five men. After the journey Aud gave Vifil a freed man who accompanied her on the voyage land. He would settle in Vifilsdal, building a farm and establishing his family. His two sons were named Thorgeir and Thorjborn. She would spend the first winter in Iceland with her brother Bjorn in Bjarnarhofn. Later Aud would have crosses erected at the Krossholar Hill she was baptized and devoted herself to the Christian faith.
Part 2: Thorvald the son of Asvald Ulfsson, who was the son of Ox-Thorir, would have a son named Eirik the Red. Thorvald and his son Eirik would flee Jaeren due to a number of slayings that they were involved in. Settling in Iceland, Eirik would take Thjodhild as his wife. At his land the farm of Valthajof at Valthajofsstadir, Eirik’s slaves caused a landslide, in an attempt to get even Eirik’s kinsman Filth Eyjolf killed the slaves responsible for the destruction. Finding Filth Eyjolf’s actions unacceptable Eirik had slain his kinsmen which caused a heavy raging feud. After the feuding Eirik was sentenced to outlawry. He traveled to find land that Gunnbjorn had seen on a previous journey. After much traveling Eirik finally settled the country known as Greenland.
Part 3: Thorgeir Vifilsson married Arnora and Thorbjorn married Hallveig the sister of Arnora. Thorbjorn and his wife moved to Laugarbrekka and became a family of great worth. The couple produced a beautiful daughter Gudrid who spent a great deal of time with Orm and his wife Halldis. A freed slave Einar, who was friends with Orm spies Gudrid and decides he wants to propose to her. Orm believes the two make a proper match. Thorjborn announces that he is struggling financially and is thankful of the life that he has been able to lead but he now wants to leave for Greenland where he can take up the offer that Eirik the Red has provided him. For his departure for Greenland, Thorjborn has provided his people with a large feast and gifts.
Part 4: Thorbjorg a seeress who was referred to as the “Little Prophetess” was called upon by a farmer named Thorkel. It was custom for Thorbjorg to spend winters on farms providing the settlers with their futures endeavors. The settlers and Thorkel put on a large feast to welcome The “Little Prophetess”. The following day in order to provide the people with their fates, she needed help conducting her magic rites. The people had to perform ward songs Gudrid had knowledge of the ward songs but because of her faith she did not want to engage in the performance. Reluctantly and with the persuasion of Thorkvel she aided in the magical rites of Thorbjorg. As a gratitude for Gudrid’s service she was given her prophecy, she was told that she makes the most honorable matches in Greenland but will not plant any roots of her own in Greenland because she is destined for Iceland where she will produced a long line of worthy descendants.
Part 5: Eirik had a wife Thjodhild and two sons Thorstein and Leif. Thorstein would stay in Greenland with his father and Leif would venture to Norway to become part of King Olaf Tryggrason’s court. As Leif was traveling from Greenland his ship sailed off course and landed in the Hebrides where he was forced to stay. Although he was forced to stay on the islands he fell in love with Thorgunna, she was from a wholesome family. When Leif was ready to depart Thorgunna wanted to accompany him on his journey, with much reluctance Leif did not support her presence on the vessel. She provided an alternative for her lover, she would have a son Thorgil who belonged to Leif and would be sent to Greenland when he came of age. Upon Thorgil’s arrival in Greenland Leif would accept him as his true son. As Leif continued to serve King Olaf Tryggrason he was given the mission to convert the people of Greenland to the Christian faith. On his way to Greenland Leif chanced upon land where he found grape vines and self -sown wheat. He was able to convert the people and became known as Leif the Lucky. Eirik the Red never converted to the Christian faith but his wife Thjodhild was quick to convert and rapidly had a church built. Eirik and his son Thorstein left to explore the land that Leif had established.
Part 6: Thorstein Eiriksson made a proposal to Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir who returned with a favorable answer from both herself and her father. Thorstein has a farm and livestock in Western settlement Lysufjord. A farmer also by the name of Thorstein also owned a half share of the land and was married to Sigrid. Sickness soon plagued the farm, Thorstein Eiriksson and Sigrid fell ill and would both die. Thorstein the farmer wanted Gudrid to convert to Christianity as well as donate her money to the church. When Thorbjorn died all his money was left to Gudrid, Eirik then asked her to live with him and saw that she was provided for.
Part 7: Thorfinn Karlsefni lived in Northern Iceland, he made the journey to Greenland accompanied by Snorri Thorbrandsson of Alftafjord along with forty other men. Bjarni Grimolfssor and Thorhall Gamlason also made their ship ready to voyage to Greenland. Both ships sailed into Eiriksfjord during that fall. Eirik along with other Greenlanders greeted both ships and invited both crews to stay the winter in Brattahild. After the Yule feast Karlsefni approached Eirik to ask for Gudrid’s hand in marriage and was successful in his proposal.
Part 8: Snorri and Karlsefni were a popular aspect of discussion as the two planned on setting sail for Vinland. Snorri and Karlsefni were accompanied by Thorhall (The Huntsman) and Bjarni, the four headed for Vinland during the summer months. Thorvard married Eirik the Red’s illegitimate daughter Freydis, she also accompanied Karlsefni in the voyage as well as Thorvard, and Thorvald (Eirik’s son). All the explorers make land on the Bear Islands, Helluland, Bjarney(Bear Island), Markland, Kjalarnes (Keel Point Peninsula) and the beaches of Furdustrandir (Wonder Beaches). Haki and Hekja two Scots were loaned to Karlsefni from Leif, the two ran south and were given three days time to explore the islands. After the three days they returned to Karlsefni and Snorri with grapes and self - sown wheat. Deciding that they found good land the group continued to sail until they reached a fjord, they came across Straumsey (Stream Island) where they sailed into Straumsfjord and finally settled. The first winter there was a harsh and terrible one, as they suffered they prayed and asked God to bring them aid.
Part 9: Thorhall wanted to head north past Furdustrandir and around Kjalarnes to seek Vinland. In opposition Karlsefni wished to sail south along the eastern shore. The two men went in opposing directions in suit of the best land to settle. Thorhall’s ship unfortunately hit rough waters and found itself in the middle of stormy seas. The storms forced the ship to the shores in Ireland where the crew was taken hostage and tortured. Thorhall would die before his escape.
Part 10: Karlsefni, Bjarni, and Snorri headed south around the coast and sailed into a lagoon. The made land and called it Hop (Tidal Pool). The crew settled on the land and came to enjoy it without worry. It was until nine hide covered boats with natives waving wooden poles at the settlers raised concern.
Part 11: One spring morning the settlers noticed a large number of hide covered boats again with natives waving wooden poles. The natives began trading goods with Karlsefni’s people. The only trades that were forbidden to be made were those involving weapons. The natives fled and after three weeks returned but with extremely unfriendly intentions. The settlers completely outnumbered fleed up river. Freydis came out of the camp as her kinsmen were fleeing into the forest, in an attempt to join the uproar Freydis followed the fleeing men. She stumbled upon a slain warrior, she took his sword ripped open her shirt exposing her breast and slashed the sword upon her chest. Her actions cause pure panic and fear among the natives and they fled due to Freydis’ actions. After this incident the settlers agreed to leave the country to return to their homeland. On the way to the homeland, the crew stopped at Straumsfjord where Gudrid and Bjarni stayed with many others. Karlsefni and Snorri went further south with forty men residing at Hop for two months before returning to the exploration.
Part 12: Thorvald Eirik the Red’s son was shot with the arrow of a uniped, he would later die from the wound. His crew would flee the land of the Unipeds in order to secure their safety. They found Markland and met five natives, the crew took the boys and assimilated them into their culture. The boys would go onto living with Eirik the Red for the winter.
Part 13: Bjarni Grimolfsson and his group landed in the straits of Greenland and entered Madkasjo. The ship would become infested with shipworms as they were sailing these waters. The lifeboat could only carry half of the crew. Bjarni wanted to decide who would be saved not by status but in the fairest manner possible. Bjarni traded his spot on the lifeboat with a young man and would greet death as fate would have it.
Part 14: Karlsefni and Gudrid sailed for Iceland, upon their arrival Karlsefni’s mother was displeased with his marriage. Gudrid did not stay with her husband the first winter in the homeland. As time passed Gudrid finally was accepted by her mother in law. Gudrid and Karlsefni’s would go on to produce children who’s children’s children all became Bishops.
Annotated Bibliography:
Dieserud, Juul. "Norse Discoveries in America." Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 33.1 (1901): 1-18. JSTOR. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
This article delves into the descendants of Erik the Red and their experiences during their exploration of North America. It is important to reiterate the saga in order to fully examine the actions of the descendants. This article provides some summary of the tales of Leif, Thorstein, Thorfin, Gudrid, Thorvald, Freydis and many others. Providing background on these characters allows for an understanding of the treacherous voyages that were made. Due to the constant traveling of these people, they were able to discover and explore further unknown land. Through the explorations that the descendants of Erik the Red took, the family was able to continue their influences as great voyagers and discovers which allowed for the expanding their peoples.
Hermannsson, Halldor. "Tyrkir, Leif Erikson's Foster-Father." Modern Language Notes 69.6 (1954): 388-93. JSTOR. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Hermannsson’s article examines Leif’s journey to discovering Vinland as well as his role as a crusader for King Olaf Tryggvason. This article analyzes the different interpretations of how Leif came to find this land. It is mentioned that Leif merely explored the lands and did not truly discover islands. The true discovery of the islands came from Bjarni Herjolfsson. Having this knowledge questions Leif’s creditability and the true purpose of his exploration. It is accepted that Leif was exploring to spread the faith of King Olaf, but was he conducting this crusade alone? The stories vary some mentioning that Leif was accompanied by priests and clerics while others have no comment in this aspect. With this in question, the role of Tyrkir becomes questionable as well. Tyrkir becomes a historical character rather than posing as a “foster-father”. It is speculated that his role was more of a priest than anything, his knowledge of the grape vines that reside on the island resembles that of a religious figure. The pattr does not recognize Leif’s crusade as an active part of the saga, which brings about doubt of the true intentions of exploring the land.
Seaver, Kirsten A. ""Pygmies" of the Far North." Journal of World History 19.1 (2008): 63-87. JSTOR. Web. 1 Jan. 2014.
The article cited above focuses on the “skraelings” that the Norse interacted with. “Skrelings” are considered to be other peoples, those who are different from the Norse explorers (Seaver 63). The article provides a perspective as to how the Norse people viewed and interacted with the indigenous persons. The context in which these “others” were written in depicts an empirical view of the people that they came in contact with. Those who documented the sagas may have portrayed these people in a light that was based purely on the human experience. This experience may have been skewed and misrepresentations of those that were to come into contact with these people were elaborated upon. However the writings of these “others” is critical, through speculation and analysis it is clear that the Norse people were heavily knowledgeable in traveling and exploration. To have written about these different types of people demonstrates that the Norse not only explored and established land in North America but also explored many other parts of the world.
Bibliography:
Kunz, Keneva. "Eirik the Red's Saga." The Sagas of Icelanders. ed. Jane Smiley. New York: Penguin Books, 2001. E-Book.
McKnight, Roger. "Father-Son Saga." Christian History 18.3 (1999): 37. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
“She asked for women who knew the chants required for carrying out magic rites, which are called ward songs. But such women were not to be found. Then the people of the household were asked if there was anyone with such knowledge. Gudrid answered, ‘I have neither magical powers nor the gift of prophecy, but in Iceland my foster-mother, Halldis, taught me chants she called ward songs. Thorbjorg answered, ‘Then you know more than I expected.’ Gudrid said, ‘These are the sort of actions in which I intend to take no part, because I am a Christian woman.’ Thorbjorn answered: ‘It could be that you could help the people here by so doing, and you’d be no worse a woman for that. But I expect Thorkel to provide me with what I need.’ Thorkel then urged Gudrid, who said she would do as he wished.” (13642 of 15800).
This exercpt taken from the fourth section of Eirik the Red saga is significant in examining the role of religion, women, and society. Gudrid a converted Christian woman is extremely passionate about her faith as she claims in the above passage. Her passion for Christianity is demonstrated when she does not want to have any part in helping Thorbjorg in her prophecy ceremony. The ritual that the woman is performing is considered pagan and unnatural to those who are practicing Christians. However Gudrid eventually participates and aids the fortune teller in her performance. This brings into question the loyalty Gudrid has to her faith? If she was a truly devout Christian would she have never participated in the ceremony? Was she truly convinced by Thorkel’s words or perhaps by his actions? She is questioned on the basis of wanting to assist her settlement and is told that she would be doing the people a great service if she could participate in the ceremony. This also calls into question her moral standing about society. Without her help the whole establishment would never have known of their fate. Gudrid was able to put herself aside for the greater good of her people. Another aspect of this passage is that Thorbjorg needed women to perform the chants. Why specifically were women needed to sing? Regardless it is interesting to think that because women were specifically needed and Gudrid was the only woman who could lead the chant although it was against her faith. What is even more interesting is that she actually participated, does this mock women’s roles as weak or wishy-washy during this time period? This passage also points out that the greater good of the whole is better than each individual part, Gudrid demonstrated an excellent example of synergy and was able to aid her settlement.
“Freydis came out of the camp as they were fleeing. She called, ‘Why do you flee such miserable opponents, men like you who look to me to be capable of killing them off like sheep? Had I a weapon I’m sure I would fight better than any of you.’ They paid no attention to what she said. Freydis wanted to go with them, but moved somewhat slowly, as she was with child. She followed them into the forest, but the natives reached her. She came across a slain man, Thorbrand Snorrason, who had been struck in the head by a slab of stone. His sword lay beside him, and this she snatched up and prepared to defend herself with it as the natives approached her. Freeing one of her breasts from her shift, she smacked the sword with it. This frightened the natives, who turned and ran back to their boasts and rowed away.” (13872&13876 of 15800)
The above passage is a celebration of women and their strength along with some of their craziness. This excerpt taken from the eleventh section of the saga, portrays the amazing passion, strength, and determination of a women during the time of the Norse settlers. Freydis is portrayed as a pregnant warrior in her attempt to fight off the natives. It’s interesting to speculate whether if it was the hormones that were behind her slashing the sword across her chest or if that was just the accepted way of entering a battle? Whichever the purpose for hitting herself with her sword it was a total success. Freydis was able to do what the men could not. She was able to scare off the intruders and protect not only herself but the people. Her passion and feistiness was the basis for her to enter the feud. This seems to comment that women were not of lower status in Norse culture. As she was able to defend herself she was praised by the men who were attempting to fight off the natives. This tale also depicts that Freydis acted in a selfless manner, willing to sacrifice herself as well as her unborn child to defend her settlement. The overall theme of defending the people and putting the best interest of the settlement before oneself is clear when reading this passage.
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“Once they were abroad the boat one young Icelander, who had sailed with Bjarni, called out to him, ‘Are you going to desert me now, Bjarni?’ ‘So it must be,’ Bjarni answered. He said, “That is not what you promised me when I left my father’s house in Iceland to follow you.’ Bjarni answered, ‘I don’t see we’ve much other choice now. What would you advise?’ He said, ‘I see the solution- that we change places, you come up here and I’ll take your place there.’ ‘So be it,’ Bjarni answered,” (13924 of 15800)
This passage addresses the willingness of Bjarni to sacrifice his own life so that another can life. He does so without hesitation or conflict. He can be characterized as a humble, willing, fair, and caring Norseman. Bjarni’s selflessness is viewed as an amazing quality since he is in power. He does not take advantage of his status but much rather down plays his position as the leader of the ship. The theme of self sacrifice and the greater good of society again continues within this excerpt. It is evident that the Norse wanted their race to prosper, and to allow this to become a reality it was important that whatever needed to be done to protect the people would be even if that meant sacrificing yourself. To have Bjarni, a man of status willingly give up himself clearly depicts that he wanted the best for those he was surrounded by. It is also refreshing to have someone of such status give themselves up for their people. The saga of Eirik the Red and his descendants is evident of a tale of a colony that prospered due to their desire to expand and protect their race. The Norse throughout this saga have been portrayed as dedicated and protective people who continued to give themselves for the greater good of their society.
Checkpoint Three:
Annotated Bibliography:
Connell, Evan. “American Eye: Vinland: Speculations & Certainties.” The North American Review 263.1 (1978): 4-10. JSTOR. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.
This article discusses the complete accounts of the early Norse voyages to America which are documented in the Sagas of the Greenlanders’ and that of Eirik the Red. These two Sagas provide historical accounts of the Norse travelers, although these sagas were written many years after the events occurred, researchers focus on the credibility of the documented events. The article cited above focuses on the different perspectives documented within the Greenlanders' Saga and the Saga of Eirik the Red, arguing that each version is credible. The article explains the different perspectives of the scribes highlighting the events that appear in both sagas but each have a different take on the actions within the text. This article argues that Sagas are not considered to be fiction regardless of some aspects that may seem a little far fetched, these Sagas can be analyzed as biographies and primary sources describing the culture of the Norse people. The article does give a slight summary of the saga but only to prove that the different scribes both had different experiences This article is imperative to the research that was conducted for checkpoint three. With the understanding that these Sagas are considered to be historically accurate although described in different manners, it stresses the importance of perspective within a historical context.
Reeves, Arthur. The Finding of Wineland The Good. London : H. Frowde, 1890. E-Book.
This source was found within the references of Charles Smith’s article, “The Vinland Voyages”. The specific chapter that was closely observed was that of chapter nine, “Wineland in the Icelandic Annals”. This chapter highlights much like Charles Smith’s article the importance of recording the events of the Norsemen. From the beginning the chapter discusses significant events which were notably documented in a manner which forms chronological lists that have come to compiled the Icelandic Annals (Reeves 79). This chapter brings up some critical questions regarding the origins of the Icelandic Annals. Reeves discusses within chapter nine that Ari the Learned was the one to compile the writings yet contradicts himself when discussing the Priest Einar Haflidason. It is stated that in the year 1280 in the Southern parts of Iceland Einar Haflidason was the first writer of the Icelandic Annals. The confusion that accompanies this claim is the origins of the Icelandic Annals and its true creator. Ari the Learned or Priest Einar Haflidason are the two individuals who both have ties to the Icelandic histories and its creation leaving scholars to debate who contributed to this work first and in an accurate manner. The chapter invites scholars to critically observe issues concerning the different perspectives of those who contributed to the sagas as well as the Icelandic Annals.
Smith, Charles. "The Vinland Voyages." Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York 24 (1892): 510-35. JSTOR. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.
This article focused on “how to separate fact from fiction" and "objective truth from the distorted images” that have been implanted into our understanding of crucial events (Smith 510). Through the explanation of narrative influences the article discusses the difficult task of separating oneself from the entirety of the work. The narrative influence always has that slight bias which is extremely difficult to escape, however the article does provide an interesting process to understanding the context of the research and if it is considered to be credible. The research must comply with “natural laws” if the research does meet the criteria one may continue to the next phase of deciphering the works reputability. Researchers must ask about the scribe: “Was the temper of the race and age that produced it historical or the contrary?” (Smith 511). This process is very helpful when considering the context within the article. The overall article constantly stresses the importance of the narrative influences and its impact in regards to the way we study the text in the present. Scholars must constantly judge the individual who documented the text. It is of extreme importance to always scrutinize the credibility of the overall text and the one who compiled the work. This heavily applies to concerns that have presented themselves throughout this stage of the research. Regardless that Sagas are taken as historical biographies it is difficult to fully accept this due to the slight bias that concerns itself with the text. Ari the Learned and Snorri two extremely credible scribes who are the focus of the debate as being reputable recorders of history. Their writings document similar or the same events just from different perspectives concerning the actual occurrences. This article provides helpful insight to understanding the relevance and credibility of scribes and the overall text.
Reflection:
1. What are scholars concerned with?
- Scholars seem to be concerned with the reputation of the sagas and the scribes who documented the histories. A major issue that arises when analyzing the credibility of the text is what is historically accurate and what has been exaggerated. Charles Smith’s article, “The Vinland Voyages” describes a process that allows scholars to understand if the sources under analysis is reputable, “The first test we, as historical students, must apply, in determining the value of early records, is that of accordance with natural laws and known physical conditions. Could the alleged occurrences have taken place? If so is there in the attendant conditions an over-weight of probability for, or against, the record?” (Smith 511). This first step in the process is critical, scholars must apply themselves, analyzing many documents that can guarantee the historical credibly in the primary text. The research is also concerned with the individuals who were involved with the events described. It is critical to know which individuals were involved with the ensuing events so that these character can be cross referenced or found committing the same or similar actions in other documented sagas. Evan Connell’s article gives an summary of actions that occurred throughout Eirik the Red’s Saga much like Smith’s article. Both articles stress the importance of perspective that is seen throughout the research concerning the Sagas.
2. Issues being debated/discussed?
-Major issues again are the credibility of scribes. This is a reoccurring and major topic throughout the research. Not only are scribes a hot topic but again who was involved with the events being documented. In order to verify the actions it is necessary to cross reference the actions of the Icelanders to the events throughout a span of Sagas. Without any cross referencing the entirety of the work becomes questionable.
3. What approaches are scholars taking?
-Scholars are analyzing major events such as the discovery of land. This is absolutely necessary to exploring the influences of Norsemen. The discovery of land and the ability to create settlements was the ultimate reason for compiling these Sagas. Not only to commemorate the personal accomplishments of one’s family but also to describe what these Norsemen did for the greater welfare of their people. Scholars research and analyze major discoveries and those involved in such findings to bring credibility and understanding to the saga and the histories of the Norse people.
Query:
The process of research and analyzing articles, journals, and books about the Saga of Eirik the Red has lead to inconsistencies concerning the primary text. The first concern addresses the overall credibility of the work. A major question that develops due to the research is how to review the primary text. To elaborate, is the text viewed from a perspective where it resembles literary art or is the text regarded in purely a historical lens. The research conducted for this checkpoint heavily explores these concerns. Articles claim that these Sagas are not fiction, but much rather the accounts of heroic individuals who made groundbreaking discoveries and contributions to the Norse culture. The research made clear to discuss the role of the scribes, which also leads back to the concern of how to analyze the primary text. Those who documented these previously oral stories may record their interpretations of the actions or may document slightly different accounts of the speaker’s experiences. Regardless there are many similarities throughout the different Sagas that have been written. Although some accounts of the same events may not exactly match up, the event is what is common throughout the Sagas. Due to the different interpretations of the Saga and the multiple accounts that occur throughout numerous Sagas, I believe that it would be helpful in exploring the different Sagas that discuss the same events (The Saga of the Greenlanders’ and The Saga of Eirik the Red) . Reading as well as analyzing the different texts maybe helpful when referring to the research conducted. Acquiring the knowledge of what is different from text to text would make deciphering the research much less painful. It is important to review these questions and approaches when preparing for the next phase of this project. It is critical to develop a strong argument to refer back to these questions and issues that have developed up until this point.
Checkpoint Four:
Annotated Bibliography :
Honti, John. "Vinland and Ultima Thule." Modern Language Notes 54.3 (1939): 159-72. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
This article heavily examines the details described within the primary texts. Honti states in his article, “The main sources of the Vinland voyages, the two well known “Vinland Sagas,” have the advantage of giving many details but it must not be forgotten that the time when they were written down is separated from the events they relate by more than two centuries and a half, i .e. by eight or ten generations” (159). Not only does the article make a point to discuss the omitted or added details that occur throughout the different manuscripts but the article also recognizes the importance of time. This is a major aspect when researching the sagas. The perspectives, context, and the circumstances concerning the events differ just as those who tell them. Those scribing are attempting to document history, however with the passing time the history ultimately and inevitably underwent a transformation. Honti makes a major point when discussing the undergoing changes concerning the sagas. To reiterate the importance of omitting or adding details, Honti dedicates time to discuss how that affects the translation of the text; “the first is the statement that the island was discovered “by many”; second is the emphasis on the proximity of ice and darkness, in spite of a contradictory detail: the whirl-pool discovered by the expedition of Harald” (160). The article pulls upon information from the primary source to discuss the importance of credibility and how time has strained and stretched the events. This article connects with the theme of the research conducted during the last checkpoint.
Merrill, William. "The Catholic Contribution to the History of the Nose Discovery of America." The Catholic Historical Review 13.4 (1928): 589-619. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
The article cited above presents readers with the significance of each subject the article will address, providing their specific credentials; “One has figured as translator of sources; another as compiler and interpreter of widely scattered and unfamiliar material; another as a competent critic of the literature on Pre Columbian America;…” (590). The passage continues to list the respected credentials of the scholars discussed throughout the article. The first topic that the articles addresses is the different narrations of the sagas and what is described within these texts. The article criticize Friis’ Book and Hauk’s Book, the two primary sources, explaining and noting the major differences of the two. Both versions engage with the story of Leif Erikson and his discovery of Vinland as well as his mission to spread Christianity. This article is important to the overall research providing a strong basis in the criticism concerning the significance of Vinland and the roles of those responsible for its discovery. The article continues to describe not only the figures involved in the overall saga but focuses on how each character was presented. The article mentions the importance of the four main narratives the sagas are conducted under and how it is their perspective in which the history of the Norse people is told. A major theme of the overall article is the role of Catholic figures and the history of the Norse people. It is extremely important to understand that a major aspect of Eirik the Red’s saga was his son Leif’s mission to spread Christianity across Greenland. This overarching theme to the article does put in perspective the role of religion when documenting the Norse history.
Olson, Julius. "Present Aspects of the Vinland Controversy." Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study 1.4 (1913): 147-56. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
The focus of this article is to take the contents of these sagas, examine each in a critical manner and decide whether the text ultimately becomes “relegated to the realm of fairy lore and romance” or to the world of fact and history (Olson 147). Julius Olson the author of the article discusses the perspectives and studies of notable researchers involved with Norse studies. The perspectives of each scholar differ providing excellent takes on the same subject matter. The opposing views each supported by similar textual evidence. Due to the different interpretations of the text each scholar forms a different opinion allowing for unsettling arguments within an academic setting. The feuding perspectives however may have been caused from the different works produced by the scribes. Those who documented the sources carried slightly different interpretations of ensuing events, “Although Torfaeus had given an intelligent account of the facts of the Vinland sagas to the world as early as 1705, real interest was not aroused in them until 1837, when Rafn's great work, giving the sources, with translations, appeared” (148). This article focuses on opposing view points and the validity of each, elaborating upon the different primary sources and the research conducted in the process of validating the original works.
Argument Against a Scholarly Article
Larson, Laurence. "The Voyages to Vinland the Good." Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study 2.2 (1915): 113-17. JSTOR. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
This article references the known acceptance that the Norse had discovered America, but is done so in an obscure manner. This article states, “But while historians are willing to grant the bare fact of the discovery, they are not agreed as to what extent we are to credit the detailed accounts of the voyages that have come down to us from the Icelandic sources. This part of the problem has produced a literature of some proportion” (113). As I understand this, Larson is arguing that although the Norse are credited with the discovery of America and many other lands the manner in which it is described has been problematic due to the way in which the text was produced. This is not something that I am arguing against, however what I am arguing against is the way this article presents this information. The article seems to produce information that claims these sagas are purely “historical literature”. Larson neglects to define what “historical literature” constitutes itself as, although readers can speculate, speculation causes for different interpretations of the research. The article produces and expands upon the perspective of Dr. Nansen, a noted scholar within the area of Norse study. The article states, “Dr. Nansen accepts the fact of a Norse discovery of America, he rejects all the accounts of the voyages that have come down to us. The saga narratives he believes to have grown out of the Classical myths of the Isles of the Blessed, which probably reached the Norsemen through Irish sources” (114). A noted scholar and researcher in this context believes that although the Norse may have made valid and crucial contributions, the texts cannot be taken as historically accurate sources. The article does address the changes within the manuscripts but fails to reiterate the “historical literary” aspect of the sagas. The article continues to describe the variations of the sagas but neglects the purpose of elaborating upon the idea that these texts are works of fiction.
Abstract:
The primary source which is the influence for writing this journal article was the Saga of Eirik the Red. This saga is one that explores the discovery of many lands including America. This saga is extremely important because not only did this discovery lead to what is now considered to be the greatest country in the world but also changed the world not only for those living during this time but also as we came to know it. A major aspect of the Saga of Eirik the Red was the story of his son Leif the Lucky and his discovery of Vinland. The focus of the journal is to elaborate upon Leif’s influence upon finding this land. There are many different yet significant aspects that discuss the importance of Vinland including figures who were present at the time of discovery, responsible for the exploration of the land, and those who were in charge of settling the land. This article will analyzes the different interpretations of how Leif came to find this land, research will expand upon the theory that Leif merely explored the lands and did not truly discover the islands. This article will discuss the notion that the true discovery of the islands came from Bjarni Herjolfsson. Not only will Bjarni Herjolfsson’s figure be under review but so will the extended family of Leif the Lucky. This is critical in developing and understanding the overall impact of Leif’s voyage. Through his voyages and discoveries he allowed for his people to explore new land in hopes of developing settlements where they could expand their race as well as their culture. The research also elaborates upon the credibility and the reputation of those who documented these historic events. Throughout the article the credibility of the text will be called into question only to strengthen the argument that Leif the Lucky held a major role in the histories of the Norse people.
Medievalist For a Semester!
Erin Martin
Checkpoint One:
- To start, this project does seem extremely overwhelming! But that's life, I suppose! It's all okay because I'm actually really excited to be involved with such an in depth research project. In all my years of school I've never had to engage with a project on this level. I enjoy that our checkpoints are broken down throughout the semester and that we are given explicit instructions on what is due. So good luck to everyone out there! :)
- Choosing a topic was way harder than I figured it would be. It was clear to me that when I saw the unit on Icelandic Sagas I was not considering any other topics. For this medievalist for a semester research project, I will be focusing on Erik the Red's Saga.
Checkpoint Two:
Summary:
Part 1:
Oleif the White a fierce warrior, conducted many expeditions around Britain. He was able to conquer the shire of Dublin where he would declare himself King. He took Aud the Deep Minded as his wife, the couple had a son named Thorstein the Red. Oleif the White was killed in battle following his death Aud and her son Thorstein fled to the Hebrides. Thorstein would go on to marry Thurid. Thorstein became King, he ruled up until his betrayal and ultimate death. His daughter Groa was married off by her grandmother Aud the Deep Minded. After marrying Groa off, Aud set out for Iceland with a crew of twenty five men. After the journey Aud gave Vifil a freed man who accompanied her on the voyage land. He would settle in Vifilsdal, building a farm and establishing his family. His two sons were named Thorgeir and Thorjborn. She would spend the first winter in Iceland with her brother Bjorn in Bjarnarhofn. Later Aud would have crosses erected at the Krossholar Hill she was baptized and devoted herself to the Christian faith.
Part 2:
Thorvald the son of Asvald Ulfsson, who was the son of Ox-Thorir, would have a son named Eirik the Red. Thorvald and his son Eirik would flee Jaeren due to a number of slayings that they were involved in. Settling in Iceland, Eirik would take Thjodhild as his wife. At his land the farm of Valthajof at Valthajofsstadir, Eirik’s slaves caused a landslide, in an attempt to get even Eirik’s kinsman Filth Eyjolf killed the slaves responsible for the destruction. Finding Filth Eyjolf’s actions unacceptable Eirik had slain his kinsmen which caused a heavy raging feud. After the feuding Eirik was sentenced to outlawry. He traveled to find land that Gunnbjorn had seen on a previous journey. After much traveling Eirik finally settled the country known as Greenland.
Part 3:
Thorgeir Vifilsson married Arnora and Thorbjorn married Hallveig the sister of Arnora. Thorbjorn and his wife moved to Laugarbrekka and became a family of great worth. The couple produced a beautiful daughter Gudrid who spent a great deal of time with Orm and his wife Halldis. A freed slave Einar, who was friends with Orm spies Gudrid and decides he wants to propose to her. Orm believes the two make a proper match. Thorjborn announces that he is struggling financially and is thankful of the life that he has been able to lead but he now wants to leave for Greenland where he can take up the offer that Eirik the Red has provided him. For his departure for Greenland, Thorjborn has provided his people with a large feast and gifts.
Part 4:
Thorbjorg a seeress who was referred to as the “Little Prophetess” was called upon by a farmer named Thorkel. It was custom for Thorbjorg to spend winters on farms providing the settlers with their futures endeavors. The settlers and Thorkel put on a large feast to welcome The “Little Prophetess”. The following day in order to provide the people with their fates, she needed help conducting her magic rites. The people had to perform ward songs Gudrid had knowledge of the ward songs but because of her faith she did not want to engage in the performance. Reluctantly and with the persuasion of Thorkvel she aided in the magical rites of Thorbjorg. As a gratitude for Gudrid’s service she was given her prophecy, she was told that she makes the most honorable matches in Greenland but will not plant any roots of her own in Greenland because she is destined for Iceland where she will produced a long line of worthy descendants.
Part 5:
Eirik had a wife Thjodhild and two sons Thorstein and Leif. Thorstein would stay in Greenland with his father and Leif would venture to Norway to become part of King Olaf Tryggrason’s court. As Leif was traveling from Greenland his ship sailed off course and landed in the Hebrides where he was forced to stay. Although he was forced to stay on the islands he fell in love with Thorgunna, she was from a wholesome family. When Leif was ready to depart Thorgunna wanted to accompany him on his journey, with much reluctance Leif did not support her presence on the vessel. She provided an alternative for her lover, she would have a son Thorgil who belonged to Leif and would be sent to Greenland when he came of age. Upon Thorgil’s arrival in Greenland Leif would accept him as his true son. As Leif continued to serve King Olaf Tryggrason he was given the mission to convert the people of Greenland to the Christian faith. On his way to Greenland Leif chanced upon land where he found grape vines and self -sown wheat. He was able to convert the people and became known as Leif the Lucky. Eirik the Red never converted to the Christian faith but his wife Thjodhild was quick to convert and rapidly had a church built. Eirik and his son Thorstein left to explore the land that Leif had established.
Part 6:
Thorstein Eiriksson made a proposal to Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir who returned with a favorable answer from both herself and her father. Thorstein has a farm and livestock in Western settlement Lysufjord. A farmer also by the name of Thorstein also owned a half share of the land and was married to Sigrid. Sickness soon plagued the farm, Thorstein Eiriksson and Sigrid fell ill and would both die. Thorstein the farmer wanted Gudrid to convert to Christianity as well as donate her money to the church. When Thorbjorn died all his money was left to Gudrid, Eirik then asked her to live with him and saw that she was provided for.
Part 7:
Thorfinn Karlsefni lived in Northern Iceland, he made the journey to Greenland accompanied by Snorri Thorbrandsson of Alftafjord along with forty other men. Bjarni Grimolfssor and Thorhall Gamlason also made their ship ready to voyage to Greenland. Both ships sailed into Eiriksfjord during that fall. Eirik along with other Greenlanders greeted both ships and invited both crews to stay the winter in Brattahild. After the Yule feast Karlsefni approached Eirik to ask for Gudrid’s hand in marriage and was successful in his proposal.
Part 8:
Snorri and Karlsefni were a popular aspect of discussion as the two planned on setting sail for Vinland. Snorri and Karlsefni were accompanied by Thorhall (The Huntsman) and Bjarni, the four headed for Vinland during the summer months. Thorvard married Eirik the Red’s illegitimate daughter Freydis, she also accompanied Karlsefni in the voyage as well as Thorvard, and Thorvald (Eirik’s son). All the explorers make land on the Bear Islands, Helluland, Bjarney(Bear Island), Markland, Kjalarnes (Keel Point Peninsula) and the beaches of Furdustrandir (Wonder Beaches). Haki and Hekja two Scots were loaned to Karlsefni from Leif, the two ran south and were given three days time to explore the islands. After the three days they returned to Karlsefni and Snorri with grapes and self - sown wheat. Deciding that they found good land the group continued to sail until they reached a fjord, they came across Straumsey (Stream Island) where they sailed into Straumsfjord and finally settled. The first winter there was a harsh and terrible one, as they suffered they prayed and asked God to bring them aid.
Part 9:
Thorhall wanted to head north past Furdustrandir and around Kjalarnes to seek Vinland. In opposition Karlsefni wished to sail south along the eastern shore. The two men went in opposing directions in suit of the best land to settle. Thorhall’s ship unfortunately hit rough waters and found itself in the middle of stormy seas. The storms forced the ship to the shores in Ireland where the crew was taken hostage and tortured. Thorhall would die before his escape.
Part 10:
Karlsefni, Bjarni, and Snorri headed south around the coast and sailed into a lagoon. The made land and called it Hop (Tidal Pool). The crew settled on the land and came to enjoy it without worry. It was until nine hide covered boats with natives waving wooden poles at the settlers raised concern.
Part 11:
One spring morning the settlers noticed a large number of hide covered boats again with natives waving wooden poles. The natives began trading goods with Karlsefni’s people. The only trades that were forbidden to be made were those involving weapons. The natives fled and after three weeks returned but with extremely unfriendly intentions. The settlers completely outnumbered fleed up river. Freydis came out of the camp as her kinsmen were fleeing into the forest, in an attempt to join the uproar Freydis followed the fleeing men. She stumbled upon a slain warrior, she took his sword ripped open her shirt exposing her breast and slashed the sword upon her chest. Her actions cause pure panic and fear among the natives and they fled due to Freydis’ actions. After this incident the settlers agreed to leave the country to return to their homeland. On the way to the homeland, the crew stopped at Straumsfjord where Gudrid and Bjarni stayed with many others. Karlsefni and Snorri went further south with forty men residing at Hop for two months before returning to the exploration.
Part 12:
Thorvald Eirik the Red’s son was shot with the arrow of a uniped, he would later die from the wound. His crew would flee the land of the Unipeds in order to secure their safety. They found Markland and met five natives, the crew took the boys and assimilated them into their culture. The boys would go onto living with Eirik the Red for the winter.
Part 13:
Bjarni Grimolfsson and his group landed in the straits of Greenland and entered Madkasjo. The ship would become infested with shipworms as they were sailing these waters. The lifeboat could only carry half of the crew. Bjarni wanted to decide who would be saved not by status but in the fairest manner possible. Bjarni traded his spot on the lifeboat with a young man and would greet death as fate would have it.
Part 14:
Karlsefni and Gudrid sailed for Iceland, upon their arrival Karlsefni’s mother was displeased with his marriage. Gudrid did not stay with her husband the first winter in the homeland. As time passed Gudrid finally was accepted by her mother in law. Gudrid and Karlsefni’s would go on to produce children who’s children’s children all became Bishops.
Annotated Bibliography:
Dieserud, Juul. "Norse Discoveries in America." Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 33.1 (1901): 1-18. JSTOR. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
This article delves into the descendants of Erik the Red and their experiences during their exploration of North America. It is important to reiterate the saga in order to fully examine the actions of the descendants. This article provides some summary of the tales of Leif, Thorstein, Thorfin, Gudrid, Thorvald, Freydis and many others. Providing background on these characters allows for an understanding of the treacherous voyages that were made. Due to the constant traveling of these people, they were able to discover and explore further unknown land. Through the explorations that the descendants of Erik the Red took, the family was able to continue their influences as great voyagers and discovers which allowed for the expanding their peoples.
Hermannsson, Halldor. "Tyrkir, Leif Erikson's Foster-Father." Modern Language Notes 69.6 (1954): 388-93. JSTOR. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Hermannsson’s article examines Leif’s journey to discovering Vinland as well as his role as a crusader for King Olaf Tryggvason. This article analyzes the different interpretations of how Leif came to find this land. It is mentioned that Leif merely explored the lands and did not truly discover islands. The true discovery of the islands came from Bjarni Herjolfsson. Having this knowledge questions Leif’s creditability and the true purpose of his exploration. It is accepted that Leif was exploring to spread the faith of King Olaf, but was he conducting this crusade alone? The stories vary some mentioning that Leif was accompanied by priests and clerics while others have no comment in this aspect. With this in question, the role of Tyrkir becomes questionable as well. Tyrkir becomes a historical character rather than posing as a “foster-father”. It is speculated that his role was more of a priest than anything, his knowledge of the grape vines that reside on the island resembles that of a religious figure. The pattr does not recognize Leif’s crusade as an active part of the saga, which brings about doubt of the true intentions of exploring the land.
Seaver, Kirsten A. ""Pygmies" of the Far North." Journal of World History 19.1 (2008): 63-87. JSTOR. Web. 1 Jan. 2014.
The article cited above focuses on the “skraelings” that the Norse interacted with. “Skrelings” are considered to be other peoples, those who are different from the Norse explorers (Seaver 63). The article provides a perspective as to how the Norse people viewed and interacted with the indigenous persons. The context in which these “others” were written in depicts an empirical view of the people that they came in contact with. Those who documented the sagas may have portrayed these people in a light that was based purely on the human experience. This experience may have been skewed and misrepresentations of those that were to come into contact with these people were elaborated upon. However the writings of these “others” is critical, through speculation and analysis it is clear that the Norse people were heavily knowledgeable in traveling and exploration. To have written about these different types of people demonstrates that the Norse not only explored and established land in North America but also explored many other parts of the world.
Bibliography:
Kunz, Keneva. "Eirik the Red's Saga." The Sagas of Icelanders. ed. Jane Smiley. New York: Penguin Books, 2001. E-Book.
McKnight, Roger. "Father-Son Saga." Christian History 18.3 (1999): 37. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Sjoholm, Barbara. "Freydis: Heroine Or Murderer?." Smithsonian 35.9 (2004): 97. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
Close Readings:
“She asked for women who knew the chants required for carrying out magic rites, which are called ward songs. But such women were not to be found. Then the people of the household were asked if there was anyone with such knowledge.
Gudrid answered, ‘I have neither magical powers nor the gift of prophecy, but in Iceland my foster-mother, Halldis, taught me chants she called ward songs.
Thorbjorg answered, ‘Then you know more than I expected.’
Gudrid said, ‘These are the sort of actions in which I intend to take no part, because I am a Christian woman.’
Thorbjorn answered: ‘It could be that you could help the people here by so doing, and you’d be no worse a woman for that. But I expect Thorkel to provide me with what I need.’
Thorkel then urged Gudrid, who said she would do as he wished.”
(13642 of 15800).
This exercpt taken from the fourth section of Eirik the Red saga is significant in examining the role of religion, women, and society. Gudrid a converted Christian woman is extremely passionate about her faith as she claims in the above passage. Her passion for Christianity is demonstrated when she does not want to have any part in helping Thorbjorg in her prophecy ceremony. The ritual that the woman is performing is considered pagan and unnatural to those who are practicing Christians. However Gudrid eventually participates and aids the fortune teller in her performance. This brings into question the loyalty Gudrid has to her faith? If she was a truly devout Christian would she have never participated in the ceremony? Was she truly convinced by Thorkel’s words or perhaps by his actions? She is questioned on the basis of wanting to assist her settlement and is told that she would be doing the people a great service if she could participate in the ceremony. This also calls into question her moral standing about society. Without her help the whole establishment would never have known of their fate. Gudrid was able to put herself aside for the greater good of her people. Another aspect of this passage is that Thorbjorg needed women to perform the chants. Why specifically were women needed to sing? Regardless it is interesting to think that because women were specifically needed and Gudrid was the only woman who could lead the chant although it was against her faith. What is even more interesting is that she actually participated, does this mock women’s roles as weak or wishy-washy during this time period? This passage also points out that the greater good of the whole is better than each individual part, Gudrid demonstrated an excellent example of synergy and was able to aid her settlement.
“Freydis came out of the camp as they were fleeing. She called, ‘Why do you flee such miserable opponents, men like you who look to me to be capable of killing them off like sheep? Had I a weapon I’m sure I would fight better than any of you.’ They paid no attention to what she said. Freydis wanted to go with them, but moved somewhat slowly, as she was with child. She followed them into the forest, but the natives reached her. She came across a slain man, Thorbrand Snorrason, who had been struck in the head by a slab of stone. His sword lay beside him, and this she snatched up and prepared to defend herself with it as the natives approached her. Freeing one of her breasts from her shift, she smacked the sword with it. This frightened the natives, who turned and ran back to their boasts and rowed away.”
(13872&13876 of 15800)
The above passage is a celebration of women and their strength along with some of their craziness. This excerpt taken from the eleventh section of the saga, portrays the amazing passion, strength, and determination of a women during the time of the Norse settlers. Freydis is portrayed as a pregnant warrior in her attempt to fight off the natives. It’s interesting to speculate whether if it was the hormones that were behind her slashing the sword across her chest or if that was just the accepted way of entering a battle? Whichever the purpose for hitting herself with her sword it was a total success. Freydis was able to do what the men could not. She was able to scare off the intruders and protect not only herself but the people. Her passion and feistiness was the basis for her to enter the feud. This seems to comment that women were not of lower status in Norse culture. As she was able to defend herself she was praised by the men who were attempting to fight off the natives. This tale also depicts that Freydis acted in a selfless manner, willing to sacrifice herself as well as her unborn child to defend her settlement. The overall theme of defending the people and putting the best interest of the settlement before oneself is clear when reading this passage.
---------------------------
“Once they were abroad the boat one young Icelander, who had sailed with Bjarni, called out to him, ‘Are you going to desert me now, Bjarni?’ ‘So it must be,’ Bjarni answered. He said, “That is not what you promised me when I left my father’s house in Iceland to follow you.’ Bjarni answered, ‘I don’t see we’ve much other choice now. What would you advise?’ He said, ‘I see the solution- that we change places, you come up here and I’ll take your place there.’ ‘So be it,’ Bjarni answered,”
(13924 of 15800)
This passage addresses the willingness of Bjarni to sacrifice his own life so that another can life. He does so without hesitation or conflict. He can be characterized as a humble, willing, fair, and caring Norseman. Bjarni’s selflessness is viewed as an amazing quality since he is in power. He does not take advantage of his status but much rather down plays his position as the leader of the ship. The theme of self sacrifice and the greater good of society again continues within this excerpt. It is evident that the Norse wanted their race to prosper, and to allow this to become a reality it was important that whatever needed to be done to protect the people would be even if that meant sacrificing yourself. To have Bjarni, a man of status willingly give up himself clearly depicts that he wanted the best for those he was surrounded by. It is also refreshing to have someone of such status give themselves up for their people. The saga of Eirik the Red and his descendants is evident of a tale of a colony that prospered due to their desire to expand and protect their race. The Norse throughout this saga have been portrayed as dedicated and protective people who continued to give themselves for the greater good of their society.
Checkpoint Three:
Annotated Bibliography:
Connell, Evan. “American Eye: Vinland: Speculations & Certainties.” The North American Review 263.1 (1978): 4-10. JSTOR. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.
This article discusses the complete accounts of the early Norse voyages to America which are documented in the Sagas of the Greenlanders’ and that of Eirik the Red. These two Sagas provide historical accounts of the Norse travelers, although these sagas were written many years after the events occurred, researchers focus on the credibility of the documented events. The article cited above focuses on the different perspectives documented within the Greenlanders' Saga and the Saga of Eirik the Red, arguing that each version is credible. The article explains the different perspectives of the scribes highlighting the events that appear in both sagas but each have a different take on the actions within the text. This article argues that Sagas are not considered to be fiction regardless of some aspects that may seem a little far fetched, these Sagas can be analyzed as biographies and primary sources describing the culture of the Norse people. The article does give a slight summary of the saga but only to prove that the different scribes both had different experiences This article is imperative to the research that was conducted for checkpoint three. With the understanding that these Sagas are considered to be historically accurate although described in different manners, it stresses the importance of perspective within a historical context.
Reeves, Arthur. The Finding of Wineland The Good. London : H. Frowde, 1890. E-Book.
This source was found within the references of Charles Smith’s article, “The Vinland Voyages”. The specific chapter that was closely observed was that of chapter nine, “Wineland in the Icelandic Annals”. This chapter highlights much like Charles Smith’s article the importance of recording the events of the Norsemen. From the beginning the chapter discusses significant events which were notably documented in a manner which forms chronological lists that have come to compiled the Icelandic Annals (Reeves 79). This chapter brings up some critical questions regarding the origins of the Icelandic Annals. Reeves discusses within chapter nine that Ari the Learned was the one to compile the writings yet contradicts himself when discussing the Priest Einar Haflidason. It is stated that in the year 1280 in the Southern parts of Iceland Einar Haflidason was the first writer of the Icelandic Annals. The confusion that accompanies this claim is the origins of the Icelandic Annals and its true creator. Ari the Learned or Priest Einar Haflidason are the two individuals who both have ties to the Icelandic histories and its creation leaving scholars to debate who contributed to this work first and in an accurate manner. The chapter invites scholars to critically observe issues concerning the different perspectives of those who contributed to the sagas as well as the Icelandic Annals.
Smith, Charles. "The Vinland Voyages." Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York 24 (1892): 510-35. JSTOR. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.
This article focused on “how to separate fact from fiction" and "objective truth from the distorted images” that have been implanted into our understanding of crucial events (Smith 510). Through the explanation of narrative influences the article discusses the difficult task of separating oneself from the entirety of the work. The narrative influence always has that slight bias which is extremely difficult to escape, however the article does provide an interesting process to understanding the context of the research and if it is considered to be credible. The research must comply with “natural laws” if the research does meet the criteria one may continue to the next phase of deciphering the works reputability. Researchers must ask about the scribe: “Was the temper of the race and age that produced it historical or the contrary?” (Smith 511). This process is very helpful when considering the context within the article. The overall article constantly stresses the importance of the narrative influences and its impact in regards to the way we study the text in the present. Scholars must constantly judge the individual who documented the text. It is of extreme importance to always scrutinize the credibility of the overall text and the one who compiled the work. This heavily applies to concerns that have presented themselves throughout this stage of the research. Regardless that Sagas are taken as historical biographies it is difficult to fully accept this due to the slight bias that concerns itself with the text. Ari the Learned and Snorri two extremely credible scribes who are the focus of the debate as being reputable recorders of history. Their writings document similar or the same events just from different perspectives concerning the actual occurrences. This article provides helpful insight to understanding the relevance and credibility of scribes and the overall text.
Reflection:
1. What are scholars concerned with?
- Scholars seem to be concerned with the reputation of the sagas and the scribes who documented the histories. A major issue that arises when analyzing the credibility of the text is what is historically accurate and what has been exaggerated. Charles Smith’s article, “The Vinland Voyages” describes a process that allows scholars to understand if the sources under analysis is reputable, “The first test we, as historical students, must apply, in determining the value of early records, is that of accordance with natural laws and known physical conditions. Could the alleged occurrences have taken place? If so is there in the attendant conditions an over-weight of probability for, or against, the record?” (Smith 511). This first step in the process is critical, scholars must apply themselves, analyzing many documents that can guarantee the historical credibly in the primary text. The research is also concerned with the individuals who were involved with the events described. It is critical to know which individuals were involved with the ensuing events so that these character can be cross referenced or found committing the same or similar actions in other documented sagas. Evan Connell’s article gives an summary of actions that occurred throughout Eirik the Red’s Saga much like Smith’s article. Both articles stress the importance of perspective that is seen throughout the research concerning the Sagas.
2. Issues being debated/discussed?
-Major issues again are the credibility of scribes. This is a reoccurring and major topic throughout the research. Not only are scribes a hot topic but again who was involved with the events being documented. In order to verify the actions it is necessary to cross reference the actions of the Icelanders to the events throughout a span of Sagas. Without any cross referencing the entirety of the work becomes questionable.
3. What approaches are scholars taking?
-Scholars are analyzing major events such as the discovery of land. This is absolutely necessary to exploring the influences of Norsemen. The discovery of land and the ability to create settlements was the ultimate reason for compiling these Sagas. Not only to commemorate the personal accomplishments of one’s family but also to describe what these Norsemen did for the greater welfare of their people. Scholars research and analyze major discoveries and those involved in such findings to bring credibility and understanding to the saga and the histories of the Norse people.
Query:
The process of research and analyzing articles, journals, and books about the Saga of Eirik the Red has lead to inconsistencies concerning the primary text. The first concern addresses the overall credibility of the work. A major question that develops due to the research is how to review the primary text. To elaborate, is the text viewed from a perspective where it resembles literary art or is the text regarded in purely a historical lens. The research conducted for this checkpoint heavily explores these concerns. Articles claim that these Sagas are not fiction, but much rather the accounts of heroic individuals who made groundbreaking discoveries and contributions to the Norse culture. The research made clear to discuss the role of the scribes, which also leads back to the concern of how to analyze the primary text. Those who documented these previously oral stories may record their interpretations of the actions or may document slightly different accounts of the speaker’s experiences. Regardless there are many similarities throughout the different Sagas that have been written. Although some accounts of the same events may not exactly match up, the event is what is common throughout the Sagas. Due to the different interpretations of the Saga and the multiple accounts that occur throughout numerous Sagas, I believe that it would be helpful in exploring the different Sagas that discuss the same events (The Saga of the Greenlanders’ and The Saga of Eirik the Red) . Reading as well as analyzing the different texts maybe helpful when referring to the research conducted. Acquiring the knowledge of what is different from text to text would make deciphering the research much less painful. It is important to review these questions and approaches when preparing for the next phase of this project. It is critical to develop a strong argument to refer back to these questions and issues that have developed up until this point.
Checkpoint Four:
Annotated Bibliography :
Honti, John. "Vinland and Ultima Thule." Modern Language Notes 54.3 (1939): 159-72. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
This article heavily examines the details described within the primary texts. Honti states in his article, “The main sources of the Vinland voyages, the two well known “Vinland Sagas,” have the advantage of giving many details but it must not be forgotten that the time when they were written down is separated from the events they relate by more than two centuries and a half, i .e. by eight or ten generations” (159). Not only does the article make a point to discuss the omitted or added details that occur throughout the different manuscripts but the article also recognizes the importance of time. This is a major aspect when researching the sagas. The perspectives, context, and the circumstances concerning the events differ just as those who tell them. Those scribing are attempting to document history, however with the passing time the history ultimately and inevitably underwent a transformation. Honti makes a major point when discussing the undergoing changes concerning the sagas. To reiterate the importance of omitting or adding details, Honti dedicates time to discuss how that affects the translation of the text; “the first is the statement that the island was discovered “by many”; second is the emphasis on the proximity of ice and darkness, in spite of a contradictory detail: the whirl-pool discovered by the expedition of Harald” (160). The article pulls upon information from the primary source to discuss the importance of credibility and how time has strained and stretched the events. This article connects with the theme of the research conducted during the last checkpoint.
Merrill, William. "The Catholic Contribution to the History of the Nose Discovery of America." The Catholic Historical Review 13.4 (1928): 589-619. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
The article cited above presents readers with the significance of each subject the article will address, providing their specific credentials; “One has figured as translator of sources; another as compiler and interpreter of widely scattered and unfamiliar material; another as a competent critic of the literature on Pre Columbian America;…” (590). The passage continues to list the respected credentials of the scholars discussed throughout the article. The first topic that the articles addresses is the different narrations of the sagas and what is described within these texts. The article criticize Friis’ Book and Hauk’s Book, the two primary sources, explaining and noting the major differences of the two. Both versions engage with the story of Leif Erikson and his discovery of Vinland as well as his mission to spread Christianity. This article is important to the overall research providing a strong basis in the criticism concerning the significance of Vinland and the roles of those responsible for its discovery. The article continues to describe not only the figures involved in the overall saga but focuses on how each character was presented. The article mentions the importance of the four main narratives the sagas are conducted under and how it is their perspective in which the history of the Norse people is told. A major theme of the overall article is the role of Catholic figures and the history of the Norse people. It is extremely important to understand that a major aspect of Eirik the Red’s saga was his son Leif’s mission to spread Christianity across Greenland. This overarching theme to the article does put in perspective the role of religion when documenting the Norse history.
Olson, Julius. "Present Aspects of the Vinland Controversy." Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study 1.4 (1913): 147-56. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
The focus of this article is to take the contents of these sagas, examine each in a critical manner and decide whether the text ultimately becomes “relegated to the realm of fairy lore and romance” or to the world of fact and history (Olson 147). Julius Olson the author of the article discusses the perspectives and studies of notable researchers involved with Norse studies. The perspectives of each scholar differ providing excellent takes on the same subject matter. The opposing views each supported by similar textual evidence. Due to the different interpretations of the text each scholar forms a different opinion allowing for unsettling arguments within an academic setting. The feuding perspectives however may have been caused from the different works produced by the scribes. Those who documented the sources carried slightly different interpretations of ensuing events, “Although Torfaeus had given an intelligent account of the facts of the Vinland sagas to the world as early as 1705, real interest was not aroused in them until 1837, when Rafn's great work, giving the sources, with translations, appeared” (148). This article focuses on opposing view points and the validity of each, elaborating upon the different primary sources and the research conducted in the process of validating the original works.
Argument Against a Scholarly Article
Larson, Laurence. "The Voyages to Vinland the Good." Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study 2.2 (1915): 113-17. JSTOR. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
This article references the known acceptance that the Norse had discovered America, but is done so in an obscure manner. This article states, “But while historians are willing to grant the bare fact of the discovery, they are not agreed as to what extent we are to credit the detailed accounts of the voyages that have come down to us from the Icelandic sources. This part of the problem has produced a literature of some proportion” (113). As I understand this, Larson is arguing that although the Norse are credited with the discovery of America and many other lands the manner in which it is described has been problematic due to the way in which the text was produced. This is not something that I am arguing against, however what I am arguing against is the way this article presents this information. The article seems to produce information that claims these sagas are purely “historical literature”. Larson neglects to define what “historical literature” constitutes itself as, although readers can speculate, speculation causes for different interpretations of the research. The article produces and expands upon the perspective of Dr. Nansen, a noted scholar within the area of Norse study. The article states, “Dr. Nansen accepts the fact of a Norse discovery of America, he rejects all the accounts of the voyages that have come down to us. The saga narratives he believes to have grown out of the Classical myths of the Isles of the Blessed, which probably reached the Norsemen through Irish sources” (114). A noted scholar and researcher in this context believes that although the Norse may have made valid and crucial contributions, the texts cannot be taken as historically accurate sources. The article does address the changes within the manuscripts but fails to reiterate the “historical literary” aspect of the sagas. The article continues to describe the variations of the sagas but neglects the purpose of elaborating upon the idea that these texts are works of fiction.
Abstract:
The primary source which is the influence for writing this journal article was the Saga of Eirik the Red. This saga is one that explores the discovery of many lands including America. This saga is extremely important because not only did this discovery lead to what is now considered to be the greatest country in the world but also changed the world not only for those living during this time but also as we came to know it. A major aspect of the Saga of Eirik the Red was the story of his son Leif the Lucky and his discovery of Vinland. The focus of the journal is to elaborate upon Leif’s influence upon finding this land. There are many different yet significant aspects that discuss the importance of Vinland including figures who were present at the time of discovery, responsible for the exploration of the land, and those who were in charge of settling the land. This article will analyzes the different interpretations of how Leif came to find this land, research will expand upon the theory that Leif merely explored the lands and did not truly discover the islands. This article will discuss the notion that the true discovery of the islands came from Bjarni Herjolfsson. Not only will Bjarni Herjolfsson’s figure be under review but so will the extended family of Leif the Lucky. This is critical in developing and understanding the overall impact of Leif’s voyage. Through his voyages and discoveries he allowed for his people to explore new land in hopes of developing settlements where they could expand their race as well as their culture. The research also elaborates upon the credibility and the reputation of those who documented these historic events. Throughout the article the credibility of the text will be called into question only to strengthen the argument that Leif the Lucky held a major role in the histories of the Norse people.